Ellen Foster Object Relations Essay

Ellen Foster is a ten-year-old, Caucasian, female who experiences a series of traumatic events during her childhood. These traumatic events include her witnessing domestic violence in the home, her mother’s suicide and subsequent physical, sexual and psychological abuse by her alcoholic father, her maternal grandmother and other relatives (aunts and cousins on the mother’s side). Ellen shuttled from home to home, staying for a short time at the home of her teacher, then to different relatives’ homes, to finally a foster home where she eventually resides. Ellen’s â€Å"new mama†, as she refers to her, is a much better role model then she has ever experienced before. New Mama is supportive and nurturing towards Ellen. Ellen reports that government and church funding support the foster family. She has no siblings. Ellen is intelligent and enjoys doing art. She often rides a pony at her new foster home. Ellen misses her mother, and longed for a caregiver before she had new mama. This is evident when she reports eaves dropping on a â€Å"colored† family and â€Å"started making a list of all that a family should have. Of course, there is the mama and the daddy but if one has to be missing then it is OK if the one left can count for two. But not just anybody can count or more than his or herself (p. 67)†. She often sought help from her Aunt Betsey and neighbors. Her mother, father and grandmother, or â€Å"mama’s mama† as Ellen calls her, are all deceased. The grandmother was old and abusive towards Ellen forcing her to work the fields with the â€Å"colored† field hands on her farms in the middle of a sweltering hot summer until school started. Ellen eventually becomes the caregiver and housemaid to mama’s mama after the grandmother fires all of her household servants. Despite Ellen’s care and good works for her, the grandmother despises her because she is convinced that Ellen was in â€Å"cahoots† with her father in abusing her daughter, taking her revenge out on Ellen since the father is dead. Ellen has a best friend, an African American girl named Starletta, Since Ellen likes Starletta, and she struggles with her own burgeoning racism. She has beliefs about African Americans that are mainly negative. Ellen eventually realizes that race makes no difference in the quality of the person. Ellen enjoys art and playing with her microscope often fantasying about being a scientist on the brink of a new discovery that will change mankind. She sees a counselor at school on Wednesdays. Ellen does not enjoy doing therapy and has negative transference towards her counselor. Presently she is seeing me for therapy. She can be aggressive, defensive and competitive at times at school. During one session Ellen reported that her counselor asked her about her last name because â€Å"Foster† isn’t her real last name. She did not want to discuss it any further. Perhaps she chose the last name â€Å"Foster† from her label as a foster child. Object Relations As stated by Lesser and Pope (2011) according to object relations theory, â€Å"human development takes place within the context of relationships (p. 69)†. British object relation theorists, Melanie Klein, Ronald Fairbairn, and Harry Guntrip introduce definite and functional ideas about what internal object world, or the inner world, consists of. The inner world includes representations of self and other, representations structured by thoughts, recollections, and occurrences within the external world. A representation has a lasting continuance in the inner world and although it begins as a cognitive structure, it eventually takes on a profound emotional meaning for the person (Berzoff, Melano-Flanagan, & Hertz 1996). The word object is set apart from the subject. The subject is the self and the object is the part outside the self, the object is what the self identifies with, encounters, wants, has uncertainties about, feels denial about, or absorbs. In Freudian drive theory and in ego psychology, the term object is sometimes used in reference to people. The word, object, in drive theory can be to some extent depersonalized, because the word essentially does exemplify a thing not a person as in: â€Å"the object of oral impulse can literally be the breast†(citation). In psychodynamic theory the word object, usually refers to people, but other objects such as cooking, art, pets, or can become objects when they are profoundly and representatively connected to powerful object experiences in the inner world. Some of Ellen’s physical objects are her microscope, her encyclopedias, her money, and her art supply. A conjecture about Ellen’s inner world and what these object represent is that her money could represent an insurance plan, in case things go wrong. And her microscope, her art, and her encyclopedias represent an escape for her and they also represent hopes for the future. Klein (1948) was the first theorist to revise Freud’s notion of the object by giving more consideration to the interpersonal environment in deciding its influence in developing personality. She amongst other object relations’ theorists now defined the target of relational needs as a concept known as relationship seeking. Klee 2005 stated that relationship seeking is the belief that through relationships with significant people in our lives, we take in parts of others (objects) and gradually develop a self-structure that we ultimately call a personality . This mental process by which a person changes the regulatory features of her environment into internal regulations and features is called internalizing (Lesser & Pope 2011). D. W. Winnicot (1958), a pediatrician and psychoanalyst, is influential in the field of object relations theory, gave great consideration to the notion of being alone. He believes that the ability to abide, take pleasure in, and utilize healthy solitude could be refined, ironically, only in the proximity of another. If aloneness is experienced as desolate, isolated, or miserable, it becomes agonizing. This can happen is a child has been neglected. In this situation, the inner world is not filled with enough soothing figures. On the contrary, aloneness becomes too excruciating or insufferable for the child, if the inner world is too crowed with threatening and abusive figures who offer neither protection, reassurance, nor tranquility. The ideal environment for the growing child to share experiences with the soothing figure for a period of time and to experience time alone to reflect and to adventure on the child’s own (Berzoff et al. 1996). Klein (1948) described six early processes and primitive defenses developed from early infant years. Projection is when the infant believes an object has characteristics that are in fact the infant’s own feelings. Introjection is the mental desire in which the infant consumes the perceived in the world. Projective identification is creatively splitting off a part of oneself and ascribing it to another in order to control the other (Berzoff et al. 1996). Splitting occurs when a child cannot separate conflicting thoughts or feelings in the mind at the same time, and therefore instead of integrating the two thoughts or feelings the child focuses on just one of them. A split can take any form, from visual appearance to concepts and ideas. For example, a frequent split is into good and bad. The good part is preserved and cherished at the same time the bad part is wrestled with or repressed. In extreme case of schizophrenia, when a part of the self linked with one of the separate thoughts, and another part of the self is linked with another, the person is then split (Berzoff et al. 1996). Idealization is a defense used to keep painful and unacceptable feelings out of consciousness. The feelings that are troublesome are usually the same feelings that people often want to reject: â€Å"anger, disappointment, envy, sadness, desire, and greed (p. 145)†. Devaluation is the opposite of idealization and is a defense mechanism used to reject troublesome feelings such as â€Å"neediness, weakness, insecurity, envy, or desire (p. 146)†. A person who denies desire through devaluation ends up feeling smug and superior but quite alone (Berzoff et al. 1996). An important developmental point in object relations is the depressive position according to Klein (1948). The depressive position is constantly maturing throughout a person’s lifetime. Feelings of remorse, grief, and the yearning for atonement take hold in the developing mind in the depressive position. The person now recognizes the ability to cause harm or push away a person who one undecidedly loves. The defenses attributed to the depressive position include the manic defenses, such as preoccupation for reparation. As the depressive position causes growing integration in the ego, prior defenses shift in the character, becoming less powerful, allowing the character to move into psychic reality (Berzoff et al. 1996). Throughout this turbulent time in Ellen’s life she is experiencing many new relationships and is relationship seeking with many adults. These adults are supposed to be caregivers for her. These people are her mother, father, her grandmother, Julia, Aunt Betsy, Aunt Nadine, and new mama. There is a time after Ellen’s mother dies that I feel she is too alone, in agreement with Winnicot (1958). Ellen often reports that when she would come home from school â€Å"it was already dark and he had the lights on. I went in and did not speak to him. I did not speak to him or else I stayed outside most of the time (p. 24)†. She said that her father was drunk all the time, often passed out, she was alone and eventually she had to take care of the bills. There are other times when Ellen’s life is overflowing with abusive adult figures in her life. On New Years Eve, Ellen claimed that a bunch of black drunk men came into her house with father. â€Å"My daddy showed up at my house less and less†¦he did show up on New Years Eve. Of course I went and hid when I heard him and a whole pack of colored men come in the door (p. 36)†. Ellen is frightened when this happens often trying to escape through a window in her room. In accordance with Winnicot (1958), aloneness becomes too much too bare for Ellen and she feels the need to hide. Her inner world is too crowed with threatening and abusive figures who are threatening her safety. The whole mother’s side of the family overcrowds Ellen’s inner world too. This is a risk for Ellen, because disruptions in object relations may result in an inability to fall in love, emotional coldness, apathy or withdrawal from interaction with others, co-dependency, and/or extreme need to control relationships (Berzoff et al. 1996:70). Ellen attempts to control Starletta as much as she can through projective identification; she splits off a part of herself and attempts to control Starletta. Ellen often tells Starletta what to do, for example one day when Ellen was over Starletta’s house and she wanted to play, however Ellen thought to herself and told Starletta the following: â€Å"Starletta still had on her nightgown and she needed to be washed. ‘You got to wash before I will play with you’ is what I told her (p. 31). She taped Starletta’s crayons back together after she broke them. She would often talk down to Starletta: â€Å"’Tell your Mama I thank her’ I said to her. Say it over in your head and out loud so it will not leave your head (p. 52)†. This relationship may unconsciously aim to get rid of unmanageable feelings for Ellen and help her deal with these feelings. Ellen’s relationship with grandmother is toxic at best. In the beginning, Ellen thought that her grandmother might like having a girl around the house, even though she is not a â€Å"vision†(pg), but Ellen said she had good intentions. In my opinion, â€Å"good intentions† meant she wanted to have a relationship with her grandmother. The grandmother wanted to punish Ellen for Ellen and her father causing her daughter’s suicide. Ellen confronts her grandmother, asking her why she hates her so much. Ellen asked her grandmother: â€Å"Well I know you hated my daddy but what about me? Why can’t you see that I am not like him? (p. 78)†. The grandma lashes out at Ellen with an onslaught of abusive hurtful words directed towards Ellen to break her down. Ultimately, that is what Ellen does she shuts down. â€Å"So I decided to spend the rest of my life making up for it. Whatever it was. Whatever I decided I one day I actually did (p. 78-79)†. Ellen is in the depressive position, she feels guilty about everything for her mothers death, for her fathers death, and then for the grandmother’s death when she passes. Ellen utilizes her manic defenses, in my opinion, when she finds the grandmother dead and decides to dress her in her â€Å"Sunday’s best† clothes and surround her with flowers in order to make amends with her guilty feelings. â€Å"I made her like a present to Jesus so maybe he would take her. Take this one I got prettied up and mark it down by name to balance against the one I held from you before†¦. be sure I get the credit for it and if you can please show me some way that you and me are even now (p. 92). Ellen becomes slightly preoccupied with reparation. Ellen begins to move past this phase when she moves in the home of her Aunt Nadine. Object relations can be applied to Ellen’s traumatic past and helps to identify some significant points in her life that she would like to work in future treatment. A pleasant thing about object relations is that as the therapist and patient collectively examine the patient’s internal world and its effect on the patient’s relationships, the patient and therapist are in a relationship as well. In this way, patient and therapist have an existing shared connection that both can study and learn from (Berzoff et al. 996). Sociocultural Theory Sociocultural theory stemmed from the work of psychologist Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky (1934/1986) felt that human cognition was innately social and language based. Vygotsky believed inner speech is qualitatively distinct from normal external speech. It is language, advanced during the earlier years, and progressively improved during the middle years ( where Ellen’s age lies) that actually aids in giving the older child the capability to organize things mentally rather than by using concrete items (Lesser & Pope 2011). As Berk 2003 stated: Vytgotsky felt that children speak to themselves for self-guidance; he felt language was the foundation for all high cognitive processes, including control attention, deliberate memorization and recall, categorization, planning, problem solving, abstract reasoning, and self-reflection (p. 257). One of Vygotsky’s concepts is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). The ZPD is the difference between what a child can achieve when working by themselves and what the same child can achieve when given assistance from someone with the necessary knowledge (Wertsch 1985). Vygotsky viewed the ZPD as a way to better explain the relation between children’s learning and cognitive development. The lower limit of ZPD is the level of skill attained by the child working alone; this lower limit can also be accredited to as the child’s actual developmental level. The upper limit is the level of latent skill that the child is able to reach with the assistance of a more capable instructor (Wertsch 1985).. A concept associated with ZPD is the concept scaffolding. It is essential to make a note that Vygotksy never used this concept in his writing; introduced by David Wood, Jerome S. Bruner, and Gail Ross (1976). Scaffolding is a process through which a mentor or more competent peer helps a person in his or her ZPD learn for as long as necessary and tapers off until the student no longer needs the mentor, much like a scaffold is detached from a building when construction is finished or deemed stable (Wood et al. 1976). Vygotsky viewed make-believe play as the vital context for development of self-regulation. Despite the fact that Ellen is ten years old going on eleven years old, this still pertains to her. Make-believe is full of shared dialogue and development-enhancing skills. Vygotsky takes make-believe to the next level making it a important part of development a distinguishing, experiential ZPD in which children try out a wide range of difficult skills and learn culturally valued skills developing a significantly stronger capacity for self-regulation

Definitions Paper

Definitions Paper OI/361 Innovation, Design, and Creativity for a Competitive Advantage March 18, 2013 Innovation is important for progress. Without companies and people to drive new ideas in the workplace there would not be progress. The American Heritage Dictionary defines innovation states, â€Å"The acting of introducing something new† (American Heritage Dictionary 2008). Many forms of innovation exist, however, in business it is link to the sharing of information through desire and passion to deliver results.Furthermore, innovation does not have to be this spectacular new product. However, the innovation needs to benefit the public or business. This paper will show the definition of every term, discusses their business implications, and a comparison and contrast. Design is a tangible thing that is created from an activity. According to the University of Phoenix text, â€Å"Design is the conscious decision-making process by which information (an idea) is transformed into an outcome, be it tangible (product) or intangible (service)† (2008).Design is the link to the corporate industry because many people relate to industry. However, design is also a decision to change something. Creativity comes from the mind; the company or companies have a vision in which they want to show they have the best products on the market. What bothers these companies is they rely on raw data, evidence of success. Mohawk Carpets has brought many innovations to the flooring industry. The organization has a reputation for leading the industry in technology and quality within the flooring business.In 1997, Mohawk purchase a large ceramic tile company from Dallas Texas named Dal tile to compete in the entire flooring industry. Since the purchase Mohawk Carpets became the largest flooring manufacture in the United States through technology and innovation, design and creativity, such as self-design programs on line which allows homeowners to put in a DVD and use there creat iveness and build the rooms they want resurfaces. This innovation gave Mohawk Carpet customers the ability to make decisions from home and not feel pressured while at the floor shop.Furthermore, the customers would know exactly what they want when they purchase the flooring products. Or at least have the knowledge of what questions to ask. These three facets play critical roles in organizational objectives, in today’s trends regarding business implications; companies must have an idea and be able to implement it for the success of such company. These ideas are crucial to keep an aggressive margin or stay firm against the competing businesses.Most all companies will hire an employee with creative ideas that would give the business an advantage in the trade it is in. References Contrast Innovation, Design, and Creativity Paper. StudyMode. com. Retrieved March 18, 2013, from http://www. studymode. com/essays/Contrast-Innovation-Design-And-Creativty-Paper-486741. html Von Stamm, B. (2008). Managing innovation, design, and creativity 2nd ed. Retrieved March 18, 2013, from www. ecampus. phoenix. edu

Defects of Consent Essay

A defect of consent is a situation where a party’s declaration does not reflect his actual intent. This difference between declaration and intent may be caused by other parties,in order to make someone to form a contract with themselves. Fraud and Duress are this kind of defects. Roughly,fraud is deceiving someone by hiding certain facts or giving them a wrong impression/information in order to make them form a contract and duress is scaring or threatening someone to make them form a contract. If there is a difference between declaration and intent,which unintentionally resulted from the declarant,we can say there is an error. In some cases,both parties are mistaken about contract. Such defects are called â€Å"Collective Error†. In these situations,contract is formed by parties’ true intent,not according to their false statements. Error In the TCO article 30,the law states that â€Å"A party acting under an essential error when entering into a contract is not bound by it. † Interpreting this article,we can deduce that essentiality is a key concept,since unessential errors will not affect validity of the contract. Some aspects of essential error are specified in TCO,but law does not limit cases of essential error with those articles. Unwritten states of essential error are determined by the rules of good faith. Error may occur in several ways: Error in declaration In the TCO article 31 the law sets forth: An error is deemed particularly essential in the following cases 1-Where a party intended to conclude a contract different from that to which he consented. A wants to sell 100 kilos of olive oil to B,but during the formation of the contract, A inadvertently states that he wants to buy 100 kilos of olive oil and B agrees the offer. -Where a party has concluded a contract relating to a subject matter other than the subject matter he intended. A wants to buy E branded good,but during the formation of the contract he states he wants to buy F branded good by mistake and is not aware of it. 3-Where a party declared his intent to conclude the contract other than the whom he intended to. A wants to send an offer via mail to B,but he writes a different adress and mail goes to C. C accepts the offer. 4-Where a party took a specific person into consideration as the other party in entering a contract but declared his intent to another. A is a nanny who wants to raise B’s child C,but during the formation of the contract she stated the name of B’s mentally deficient child D. A is mistaken about someone’s identity,not someone’s qualifications. Otherwise it would be error in motive,which shouldn’t be confused. 5- Where a party has promised to make a significantly greater performance or has accepted a promise of a significantly lesser consideration than he actually intended. Error in calculation of a simple nature do not affect the validity of the contract;but they should be corrected. A good should have 10. 000 dollars written on its label but accidently 1000 dollars is writtenon label. A buys the good for 1000 dollars. Error of Agents The law states in TCO article 33 that â€Å"Where an offer to enter into a contract has been incorrectly communicated by a Messenger,translator or other agents or by any means,the provisions governing error are applicable†. Error of agents are counted as error in declaration. Mistranslation,misinforming,changes in the text during telegraphing†¦ are examples of such errors. Error by Considering a Demeanour as Consent When a party’s action is considered as an offer or acceptance by another party,and the other party is right to consider this as such and forms the contract,contract will be valid. However mistaken party can put forward that he is mistaken and benefit from the provision of error in declaration. Texts signed without reading If a party signs a text without reading ,and is right to think that the text suits his intent,outcome is determined by the other party’s knowledge about this intent. If the other party knows or has to know that text does not suit signer’s intent,contract will not have been formed and thus there will not be any need for provisions of error. On the other hand,if the other party does not know or have to know the signer’s intent,contract will be formed,but signing party by proving that the error is essential,can benefit from provisions of error in declaration. Signature in Blank One of the parties agree to sign in blank first,then allow other party to constitute the contract. If this contract formed later on has contents which do not suit signing party’s actual intent,he can benefit from provisions of error. Error in Motive Error in motive is caused by an error in the formation of intent. On principle,error in motive is not essential. If there are conditions prescribed by the law,there is an essential error in motive. In TCO article 32,the law sets forth that â€Å"Error in motive is not deemed as essential unless the mistaken party deems the motive as necessary basis for the contract and it is valid regarding the business affairs in good faith. Yet this rule is not applicable unless the other party is aware of this motive† According to this article,error in motive is essential if the party deems this motive as necessary basis for the contact. This means the party is mistaken about a subject or qualifications of someone which affected his decision to form the contract. Error in material qualification,error in fact,error in legal status are examples of such mistakes. A wants to buy sculpor B’s statue but in fact the statue is a replica. In this situation there is error in material qualification. A thinks he is assigned to a job in another city,so he rents a house in that city. He made an error in fact. A purchases a land to build a house,but does not know construction is forbidden on this site. He is mistaken about land’s legal status. Also if other party is or has to be aware of the motive,error is deemed as essential. This should be determined in the present case. Avoidability In TCO art. 30 the law stipulates that â€Å"A party acting under an essential error when entering into a contract is not bound by it. † However this is limited by TCO art. 39. The contract will be valid if the mistaken party does not abolish the contract in a year,beginning from the moment he realises his error. Good Faith Rules in Error Right to avoid is also limited by the law. The law states in TCO art. 34 that â€Å"A person may not advance error in a manner in violation of good faith. In particular, the contract is considered to be concluded in a way that the party acting in error intended, in case the other party declares his consent to be bound by that contract. † Violation of good faith mentioned in the first subsection may be like this: A person learns that he made an essential error about a contract which he concluded years ago. He wants to use his right to avoid just to damage other party. In that case he will not be able to benefit from provisions of error since it is a violation of good faith. Second subsection of this provision is particularly important. I wish to give a case in this point,in order to better explain it: A wants to buy a kilo of fruit for 2 Liras,but he is mistaken and accepts B’s offer to buy a kilo for 3 Liras. Then A states his mistake to B,B immediately says he is ready to sell it for 2 Liras. In this situation A cannot put forward that he wants to nullify the contract,since he made an essential error. The contract is formed. Error by Negligence According to TCO art. 35 â€Å"A party acting in error is liable for any loss arising from the nullity of the agreement where the error is attributable to his own negligence. However, there is no compensation if the other party knew or should have known of the error. In the interests of equity, the Court may, not exceeding the benefit of standart performance, award further damages to the injured party. † The first subsection is about responsibility of parties’ actions before the formation of the contract (culpa in contrahendo). Even a slightest negligence in error results in culpa in contrahendo,and in such situations damages will be compensated. According to the second sentence of this subsection,there will not be any compensations if the other party knew or should have known of the error. But this provision is not applicable to error of declaration,since if the other party knew or should have known the error in declaration,contract is formed according to the declarant’s real intent. Yet if a party knows or has to know other party made an error in motive,mistaken party will not have to compensate any damages even if he abolishes the contract. Amount of the damage that will be compensated,is the damage that would not exist if the contract would not be formed. This kind of damage is â€Å"negative damage†. Benefit of the standart performance is named as â€Å"positive damage†. According to the second subsection,judge may decide further damages. This â€Å"further damage† is compensation of positive damage. Amount of positive damage that must be compensated may be some of the positive damage or all of the positive damage,determined by equity,but cannot exceed positive damage.

Judiciary in England and Wales is not Reflective of Society Research Paper

Judiciary in England and Wales is not Reflective of Society - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that diverse compunctions of the judiciary have higher capacitates of responsiveness to experiences and needs of different legal system subjects. On the other hand, such a judiciary appears reflective of various cultures and backgrounds of the nation served. Another feature of diverse judiciaries is that they are more accountable and responsible for articulating issues of complex legal democracies. Proper co-existence with other forms of government necessitates the inclusion of gender as a judicial diversity dimension. However, gender is a major issue in analyzing the composition of the judiciary of England and Wales. This paper aims at assessing existing literature on the ethnic and gender composition in the English and Wales’ judiciary. The essay will also illustrate the previous efforts of the government in achieving diversity in the judiciary.  Gender is a critical dimension of judicial diversity illustrated by the proportions of positions awarded to the males and females on the judiciary. There are different ways of rationalizing judicial diversity where judicial appointments follow policy and law that promotes equal opportunities. The judiciary needs to show sensitivity to the experiences and needs of the different elements of legal systems where the judiciary requires an illustration of diversity for service as well as diverse judiciary with increased accountability of legal democracies. The current preclusion the gender incorporation dictates the alternative dimension regarding judicial diversity. Features of judicial initiatives towards achieving ethnic and gender diversity are assessed through qualitative and quantitative perceptions and experiences of judicial bias.

Rewrite Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Rewrite - Essay Example The brand name is developed from the words architecture and Cymru, which is Wales in Welsh. This brand name will help us expand within the local Welsh market, which enhances the company’s ability to become a premier Welsh firm. We wish to take advantage of the increased investment in Wales’ construction sector by seeking for funds through our brand name. Although the brand name seeks to establish our company in the local market, our wider objective is to become a major firm in Europe with the capacity of executing major architectural projects within the continent and the rest of the world. Within the first three to five years of our operations, the company will operate as a private limited company with each shareholder having equal rights. Thereafter, the company will liquidity or offer some of the shares to the public through an initial public offering with the company becoming a public limited company although this objective is based on the long-term achievements of company and its success as reassessed in the long-run. Through various milestones in infrastructural designs, Wales’s construction industry plays an important role in the development and growth of the local economy while considering various environmental and societal issues. Economical estimates indicate that the industry contributes about 10% to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Each year, estimated investments in the sector are likely to be about  £2.3 billion with the industry experiencing high competition, as there are around 12,000 construction firms in the sector. Despite the stiff competition, the industry experiences a wide range of specializations. Concerning the labor force benefiting from the industry, industrial estimates indicate that over 100,000 workers are employed by the industry and they range from various construction professions such as architecture, builders, engineers, surveyors, maintenance groups, and other companies that restore and

3 year personal development plan in nursing Outline

3 year personal development plan in nursing - Outline Example Within one year, the outcome should be evident in my communication and patient-care skills. The confidence gained will pave way for me to expand my professional network in the second year. This will be achieved through participating in at least one professional development program in a quarter, thus improving on my organisational commitment and job-satisfaction as noted by Turner (2007). This would also provide knowledge on the practice in other different nursing fields, including mental health nursing. Still in my second year, I will seek to develop academically. Thus, I will enrol for part-time postgraduate diploma course specialising in adult nursing which will take me two years, up to the third year of my development plan. I will apply for a scholarship from the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) so as to subsidise on the cost implication. Accomplishing this course will expand my knowledge on patient care and further on ethical issues around nursing in general. Therefore, my three year development plan would basically entail professional development and network building and academic

Ethics in Medicine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethics in Medicine - Research Paper Example Subsequently, an analysis of womens rights to their bodies is outlined in this paper. This will be achieved in this paper through the identification of a point of argument relative to womens rights to their bodies, an elucidation of the logical strengths and weaknesses of the issue as well as how it is approached, and also through a determination on whether the issue attempts to overreach into personal liberty. Krieger postulates the fact that the history of womens fight for the right to their bodies runs back to the 1970s. This began when women established movements geared towards the protection of their rights to "access safe, legal abortion and contraception in North America and Europe and soon afterwards Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia, and Africa" (p. 726). During this period, women fought for their right to make their own decisions in regard to what point at their lives to have children, as well as the method or technique to be used when giving birth not considering their ethnic background, age, abilities, and also their social and economic status. Womens rights to their bodies became an issue when countries all over the world started creating and implementing plans of action aimed towards denying women their rights. For instance, this became an issue in India when the government enforced rules that required women to undergo sterilization and also insert hormonal implants in their bodies. Similarly, womens rights to their bodies became an issue in the Philippines and South American countries as a result of imposed strategies supported by the religious organizations disallowing or making illegal birth control methods and termination of pregnancies. In some African countries such as Egypt and Nigeria, womens rights to their bodies became an issue based on the governments disregard to dangerous and harmful cultural practices such as female circumcision (Krieger

Why we should buy American made vehicles over foreign vehicles Essay

Why we should buy American made vehicles over foreign vehicles - Essay Example 274). Many people refer globalization as Americanization rather than anything else. In their opinion, the concept of globalization was introduced by America and other capitalist countries to loot the wealth of other countries. However, recent statistics show that America failed to exploit the opportunities presented by globalization whereas China and India like countries were successful in exploiting it. Recent recession affected America more than any other country in the world. In short, globalization brought more harm than good to the Americans. Automotive industry is one business area in which globalization brought revolutionary changes. Even though America is one of the major car manufacturing countries in the world, majority of the Americans purchase foreign cars such as Mercedes Benz, BMW, Toyota, Honda, Nissan etc. The demand for American cars in American market is less compared to that for foreign cars. Huge American automobile manufacturing companies, such as General Motors, are struggling to survive in the car market at present. It should be noted that plenty of American car manufacturers have already reduced their number of employees and car production because of weaker demand. In short, globalization and subsequent developments in the business circles are causing huge problems to Americans now. American economy is struggling at present. Under the above circumstances, it is the duty of every American to give a helping hand to the revitalization of American economy. Purchasing of American made products is one way of helping American economic growth. This paper analyses the reasons why we should buy American made vehicles over foreign vehicles. According to Mark Karlin (2012), â€Å"The auto industry has a long history of providing sound jobs and contributing to economic prosperity in the U.S. Now it’s time for consumers to give back by choosing domestic cars

Rationalism and Empiricism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rationalism and Empiricism - Essay Example It is about the psychological side that Pinker claims, "The past tense is the only case I know in which two great systems of Western thought (rationalism and empiricism) may be tested and compared on a single rich set of data, just like ordinary scientific hypotheses." But Searle argues among other things that the debate about the past tense is not a case in which "two great systems of Western thought (rationalism and empiricism) may be tested and compared on a single rich set of data." Searle argued that the features that make them "great systems of Western thought" are left unaffected by the discussion of the past tense. Their debate also included history, computation and information processing in relation to rationalism and empiricism where both thoughts oppose each other. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy which Searle (in Pinker & Searle, 2002) thinks is standard, defines rationalism as the position that reason presides over other ways of acquiring knowledge, or that it is the unique path to knowledge. It is most often encountered as a view in epistemology, where it is traditionally contrasted with empiricism, the view that the senses are primary with respect to knowledge (Audi, 1999). Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that asks the question "How do we know what we know" (Epistemology n.d.). This is a nature/nurture debate then, with Rationalists going for nature and Empiricists going for nurture. Some scientists think that people behave as they do according to genetic predispositions or even "animal instincts." This is known as the "nature" theory of human behavior. Other scientists believe that people think and behave in certain ways because they are taught to do so. This is known as the "nurture" theory of human behavior (Powell, 2006). Plato and Descartes were famous Rationalists, John Stuart Mill and David Hume were famous Empiricists. The following can be said to be the levels by which rationalism and empiricism may be differentiated. DIFFERENCES Etymology and emphasis. According to Carlo Sini (2004), the name Rationalism obviously derives from the word 'rational' which goes back to the Latin, 'ratio' meaning 'calculation'. This in turn goes back to another Latin word, 'ratus', which is the past participle of 'reor', meaning "think', 'deem', 'judge'. What runs through all of these is the emphasis on mind, an emphasis connected with the word 'rational' as well: rationalise, rationality, and similar terms. 'Empiricism' derives from another English word, 'empiric', meaning, 'derived from experience.' The term "empirical" was originally used to refer to certain ancient Greek practitioners of medicine who rejected adherence to the dogmatic doctrines of the day, preferring instead to rely on the observation of phenomena as perceived in experience (Sini, 2004). The doctrine of empiricism was first made by John Locke in the 17th century. Locke argued that the mind is a tabula rasa ("clean slate" or "blank tablet"or" white paper") on which experiences leave their marks. To Locke, the mind is like

Of what use are management ideas and concepts in the practice of Coursework

Of what use are management ideas and concepts in the practice of management - Coursework Example Henri Fayol described his 14 principles of management that, when used in conjunction with other principles, build an effective team and develop a strong manager. Fayol’s 11th principle, equity, determines how to best motivate employees, creating fairness whilst blending authority and kindness. Equity is often determined by the justness of rewards, ensuring that all high-performing employees receive equal opportunities for additional remuneration or other appropriate rewards. Equity is important as a manager in the real-world business environment as it provides employees with a sense of affiliation. This is linked with Fayol’s 13th principle, initiative, that provides more autonomous working environments and opportunities to express employee innovations as become active in the decision-making process. Motivational theories indicate that employees must receive esteem and recognition from others in the organisation. Affiliation establishes perceptions of prestige, control and self-esteem (Gambrel and Cianci). Wal-Mart, a major multi-national retailer, recognises the importance of Fayol’s guidelines for management, providing employees with stock options, incentive bonuses and even profit sharing as a means to build commitment, ownership and equity. Wal-Mart is world-renowned for its high-commitment employees that are team-focused and therefore able to carry out strategic goals. These remuneration packages provide equity by establishing rewards for all employees throughout the organisation and inspires a sense of affiliation as valued contributors to the business model. Fayol’s theories, especially equity and initiative, are important concepts in the real-world. Managers establish strategic goals that determine the future position of the organisation related to profit, competitive advantage or other elements related to its market position. Multi-national companies, especially, require team-focused employees in order to achieve these goals. According to Reis and Pena (2008, p.674), â€Å"If the business is still using vertical hierarchies instead of self-directed teams, truly empowered to make changes, it is not ready for change†. This means that there will likely be resistance to change from different employees if the manager does not provide initiative in his or her efforts whilst promoting a sense of equity that there will be balanced rewards for achievement for all employees. Fayol’s concepts are h ighly relevant as the business will not be able to achieve without employee cooperation when teamwork is required to create new strategies and innovations. Mintzberg is another management guru who has established multiple theories of management that are classical in design. Mintzberg describes ten different management roles required to establish a successful management system, these being informational, interpersonal and decisional (LMC, 2008). Of most relevance is the interpersonal dynamic of the manager who takes on the role of a leader, or one who inspires others rather than establishing routine control systems to gain productivity and motivation. The difference between managers and leaders is in their approach to establishing interpersonal relationships. For example, a

Learning Styles Theory Essay Example for Free

Learning Styles Theory Essay Learning styles theory originated in the 1970’s and is based around the idea that people have preferences about how they like to learn. Theorists believe that each individual has a particular learning style that is best suited to them and allows them to collect and process information successfully in order to learn. The principle idea is that these learning style differ from one individual to the next and theorists argue that school teachers should incorporate these learning styles into their lessons so that student is catered for and everyone can learn effectively. Many educationalists believe that differences in learning styles are responsible for some student difficulties, for example, if a student is taught in a style they do not prefer they may not learn as successfully as those students being taught in their preferred style. David Kolb is one of the main researchers who studied learning strategies and processes and put forward his idea of experimental learning. Kolb stated that; â€Å"Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience.† (David A Kolb, 1984) Kolb’s experimental learning model draws on the ‘Lewin Cycle of Adult learning’ and proposes that there are four stages which follow on from each other to complete the learning cycle. Kolb’s model suggests that in order for learning to be effective that an individual must include the four stages; Concrete Experience, Abstract Conceptualization, Reflective Observation and Active Experimentation, in their learning process. He believed that this would result in the individual finding that they had strengths and weaknesses in particular stages and their preferred learning style derived from this. Kolb stated that there are four instrumental learning styles which follow on from th e four previous stages, these are; the diverging learning style, the assimilating, the converging and the accommodating learning styles. Kolb’s theory was generally widely accepted however recent critics have found it unreliable. Two management development specialists named Peter Honey and Alan Mumford further developed Kolb’s theory and created a questionnaire designed to find out a person’s preferred learning style. The questionnaire asks a series of questions which help the individual to identify their preferred learning habits. The answers to these questions are scored and the person then falls into one of four categories which is the learning style best suited to them based on the answers they  have given. Honey and Mumford put forward four main learning styles; Reflectors, theorists, pragmatists and activists, each with their own characteristics. Reflectors prefer to learn through activities which allow them to observe, think and review situations. They like to collect data and mind map. Theorists prefer to think problems through step by step using lectures, systems, case studies etc. Quite often they are perfectionists. Pragmatists enjoy applying new ideas and techniques to actual practise to test their use. They prefer learning through lab work, field work and observations rather than lectures or lengthy discussions. They are practical and like concepts which can be applied to their own jobs. Activists enjoy new things and like challenges. They prefer to learn through activities role-playing, problem solving and small group discussions. They are unlikely to prepare for their learning or to review it afterwards. This was Honey and Mumford’s interpretation of learning styles theory however other theorists have different opinions. Neil Fleming’s VAK model of learning styles is one of the most popular interpretations. Fleming developed an inventory designed to help students learn more about their individual learning preferences. Fleming’s VAK model identified three learning styles; Visual, Auditory and Kinaesthetic. According to this theory most people have a preferred learning style however some people may prefer to learn using a mixture of all three styles. As with the previous theories each style within the VAK model has individual characteristics based on their learning preferences. Visual learners learn best through seeing. They think in pictures and have intense mental images. They like to learn using maps, charts, pictures or videos. They tend to have visual skills in activities such as reading, writing, puzzle building, interpreting charts and graphs, and painting a nd have a good sense of direction. Auditory learners like to learn through listening. They tend to think in words rather than pictures and learn best through lectures, discussions, talking things through and hearing other people’s opinions. Auditory learners tend to have highly developed auditory skills and are generally good at speaking and presenting. They demonstrate these skills through speaking, listening, storytelling, explaining, understanding the syntax and meaning of words, remembering information and analysing language usage. Kinaesthetic learners learn best through moving, touching and doing. They find it hard to sit still for long periods of time although  they have a good sense of balance and hand-eye co-ordination. They process and learn information through interacting with objects and materials. They demonstrate their kinaesthetic skills via physical co-ordination, athletic ability and hands on experimentation, body language, acting and building. A classroom is a good environment in which to put the learning styles theory into practise as there are a number of students in one place each with individual preferences on how they like to learn. There are various methods and activities for each learning styl e that can be used to help the student learn effectively in a way that is suited to their particular preference. For example, when tailoring a lesson to suit a visual learner graphics could be used to reinforce learning. Colour coding could be used to organise class note and highlight key points in the text. Encouraging the student to take notes would also help to embed the learning. Visual learners may also find it useful to illustrate ideas and use flow charts and diagrams when note taking. To cater for an auditory learner during a lesson it would be useful to put across ideas or points by reading them aloud to the class or by getting a student to read out passages etc. to the rest of the group. The teacher may also want to read out significant information which they want to be remembered. Verbal analogies and storytelling could also be used to further emphasize issues and points. The use of tunes and rhymes as mnemonic devices would also be helpful to auditory learners. For kinaesthetic learners to learn successfully they could be encouraged to make models or role-play in relation to the lesson in order to physically experience their learning. The student could translate the information they are being taught into diagrams, flow charts etc. in order to help them learn and remember the lesson more successfully or they could count out a list of items to be recalled on their fingers. Kinaesthetic learners should also be urged to skim through material for key points before reading it in detail. As kinaesthetic learners enjoy learning through movement they could be asked to memorize information whilst performing a physical task, for example, whilst running on the spot or hopping on one foot. All of these techniques could be used to help a student develop their visual, auditory or kinaesthetic learning strengths. The same principles could also be applied to the learning styles from the other models in the learning styles theory. To put this theory into practise I have chosen a subject and a topic from within  that subject to teach to a group of my fellow students. I have chosen to look at social psychology and from that I am going to teach the topic of Conformity. I will deliver the lesson using various methods and techniques to cater for the visual, auditory and kinaesthetic learners in the group. The topic of conformity can be broken down and taught accordingly to each of the three styles. To deliver the lesson to the visual learners in the group I plan to teach key terms such as group norms, group pressure and majority influence by writing them and their meanings on the whiteboard at the front of the classroom where they can be clearly seen. I will then ask the stude nt to take down what I have written. I want to teach the students about different research studies that have been conducted on conformity. I will use a projector screen to show a PowerPoint presentation with numerous pictures and graphics detailing the experiments carried out by Sherif (1935) and Asch (1951). To finish my lesson to the visual learners I will show them a documentary film on conformity called ‘The Power of the Situation’. These methods of delivery should help the visual learners of the group to learn to the best of their ability according to the VAK model. To teach conformity to the auditory learners I will again adopt methods which I believe are best suited to their learning preferences. This time instead of writing the key terms on the whiteboard I will state them verbally and then ask the students to have small group discussions on them where they can listen to each other’s opinions and views. After they have completed this I will ask each group to give me examples of majority influence, group pressure, conformity etc. aloud for all the class to hear. I then plan to move on to teach the research studies, I will give a talk on the studies conducted by Asch and Sherif and encourage the students to ask me questions throughout. To end the lesson I will talk about Kelman (1958) and his views on conformity. I am also going to give the class written notes on Kelman and ask the students to read out different sections of the text to the rest of the group. These techniques should ensure a successful learning experience to the auditory learners in the class. Again I will apply the principles of Fleming’s VAK model to teach the conformity lesson to the kinaesthet ic learners of the group. I will teach the key terms by talking about them and asking the students to take notes as I speak. I will then give the students a physical task to test their knowledge of the key terms by asking them to recall the  terms and their meanings whilst jumping up and down. I believe this will be effective as kinaesthetic learners prefer to learn using movements. I may also ask them to do various role-plays depicting examples of situations where conformity has occurred. To teach the research studies to this group I will ask them to repeat the studies as closely as possible and record the results they find. To end the lesson to the kinaesthetic group I will ask them to go through their notes and highlight important points and facts. I believe teaching the topic this way will cover all three styles of the VAK model. Already we can see how the principles of the learning styles theory can be applied in the classroom but the question remains; do learning styles really exist and is it possible and realistic for teachers to teach students in this way? After some research I have found relatively little empirical evidence supporting the theory. On the other hand I have found many arguments which discredit the theory. I am now going to review some of the cases for and against the learning styles theory and try to draw a conclusion. According to the learning styles theory it has the ability to help learners identify their strengths and weaknesses and therefore enable them to develop a more efficient learning process. An extensive literally review of learning styles, cognitive styles, Howard Gardiners multiple intelligences and an information processing model from school psychology was undertaken by Dr Erica Warren and she put forward the idea that there are twelve different learning styles – visual, auditory, kinaesthetic, tactile, sequential, simultaneous, reflective, interactive, direct experience, indirect experience and rhythmic melodic learning. Dr Warren claims that there is no right or wrong way to learn and that all learning styles can easily be accommodated in the classroom without having to teach in twelve different ways. She states that some teaching methods are multi-sensory and meet the preferences of all the different types of learners. Although Dr Warren’s argument seems plausible and is well researched again there is little statistical evidence to substantiate it. This is the same case for the rest of the learning styles theories such as Kolb’s and Fleming’s. This may be because results on testing these theories have been largely based upon answers to questionnaires which rely on the participant’s ability to be precise and objective often leading to doubts regarding validity. Although the reliability of learning styles theory has been discredited to an extent  in recent years it is widely acknowledged that people do gather and process information in diverse ways and that a greater understanding of these styles and preferences will help teachers employ a wider range of teaching techniques providing an effective learning experience for most students. Granted this idea may have some logic it is quite unrealistic to teach in a way that caters to all learning styles fully due to time and financial restraints within schooling systems. According to cognitive psychologist Daniel Willingham there is no scientific evidence whatsoever in support of learning style theory. He claims they do not exist. He argues several valid points about the theory claiming that something closely related to the theory is correct but not the actual theory itself. The theory asserts that students learn via methods such as visual, auditory or kinaesthetic etc. but Willingham points out that this is incorrect. However memories are stored this way by the brain. Willingham also claims that it is not possible for an individual to learn exclusively by their preferred style. For example, a student may prefer to learn through auditory methods but if a teacher is trying to teach shapes it cannot be done via auditory methods as the shapes must be looked to gain a proper sense of them, therefore the student must be able to adopt a variety of different learning styles depending on what is being taught. This suggests that indeed it is not a good idea for teachers to teach relying solely on the learning styles theory. Willingham also talks about a useful experiment used to test out this theory carried out by many people. Two lists of words are given to one visual learner and one auditory learner. First the list is given to the learner via a visual slideshow presentation and then the list is played aloud through a speaker. If the learning styles theory were correct one would assume that the auditory learner would learn best from hearing the words and that the visual learner would learn best from the visual presentation however when put to the test this is not th e results that are found. This is because the learners only encode the visual and auditory characteristics to their visual or auditory memory stores without actually attaching meaning to it. Even though learning styles theory may seem logical and correct when studied in depth the fact is that there is very little empirical evidence to substantiate it. Overall it may be construed that although students may prefer to learn in a particular way they are fully capable of learning in other methods without their  performance being adversely affected. Bibliography http://www.simplypsychology.org/learning-kolb.html http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/the-power-of-the-situation/ http://journeytoexcellence.org.uk/resourcesa Kolb, D. (1984) Experimental Learning: experience as the score of learning and development Kolb, D. (1976) The Learning Style Inventory: Technical Manual, Boston, Ma: McBer McLeod, S.A. (2010) Kolb – Learning Styles retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/ Mumford, A. (1997) How to manage your learning environment, Peter Honey Publications The Learning Styles Questionnaire: by Peter Honey and Alan Mumford, Maidenhead, 2001

Crime Lab Scandal Essay Example for Free

Crime Lab Scandal Essay The Effects of the North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation Crime Lab Scandal The most important quality a law enforcement officer can have and should preserve at all cost is integrity. Regardless of what discipline they are employed in whether it be investigations, patrol or forensics an officer’s credibility is their most critical attribute. Thesis: As a result of unethical, fraudulent conduct by North Carolina SBI Crime Lab Agents several individuals were wrongly convicted of major crimes such as murder and rape and sentenced to lengthy prison terms. The effects on law enforcement collectively have been a loss of confidence and an overall sense of distrust from the citizens of North Carolina in law enforcement officers and the state’s judicial process system. Possible resources: News media including but not limited to The Huffington Post and The Raleigh News Observer. Criminal Justice, Volume 27, Number 1, Spring 2012. Â © 2012 by the American Bar Association An Independent Review of the SBI Forensic Laboratory by Chris Swecker, Attorney at Law and Michael Wolf, Consultant. Specific case reports and reviews from the North Carolina Administration of the Courts (NCAOC) online records (if available). This topic relates specifically to Chapter 5, expert witnesses and Chapter 6, credibility. It will also relate to Chapters 3, 12 for discovery issues and 13. The main issue in this paper will be the focus on ethical misconduct in presenting false information, or in some cases excluding exculpatory evidence to the jury. It will also point out the unjust ramifications on innocent defendants as well as the effects such actions have on law enforcement’s credibility as an honorable institution.

The Ipswich Womens Centre Against Domestic Violence Social Work Essay

The Ipswich Womens Centre Against Domestic Violence Social Work Essay The Ipswich Womens Centre Against Domestic Violence (IWCADV) is a feminist community based organisation committed to working towards the elimination of domestic and family violence throughout the community. The primary focus of IWCADV is to provide support to women and children survivors of domestic and family violence. This includes telephone information, referral and support services, court support for women, counselling services, group work and childrens work. During my placement experience as a womens counsellor at IWCADV I first spent a few weeks developing my understanding of the issues involved in domestic violence and the systems that are in place to support women and children who are survivors of domestic and family violence. My knowledge of the issues affecting women and children experiencing domestic and family violence includes an understanding of the emotional impacts of abuse (such as feelings of grief and loss, anger, guilt, depression, trauma), the loss of personal and physical security, safety concerns, the financial costs, family law and other legal issues, and power and control imbalances in relationships. I have developed my knowledge of the issues affecting women and children experiencing domestic and family violence in my university studies and my work experience. The understanding that I gained from my University studies was enhanced during my student placement at the Ipswich Womens Centre Against Domestic Violence. It was here that I developed my understanding of feminist perspectives on domestic and family violence, including the individual, familial, legal and social issues. In this role I was able to develop my understanding of feminist informed practises and techniques. I support this framework for practice as it can empower women and help them find their voice, encouraging women who have experienced the loss of control to make choices about their own life and to take responsibility for their life choices and to take back control. I worked from within a feminist framework to empower the client to find her voice and to discover her worth and make her own choices. In my role as a student counsellor at IWCADV I provided crisis support and advocacy work to women who have experienced domestic and family violence. During the beginning counselling sessions, I found it was quite difficult to always follow the story and set direction for the counselling. I took a strengths based narrative approach and usually after 2 -3 sessions a clearer picture had developed of the clients experience with domestic violence, and this continued to unfold throughout the counselling sessions. One of the most personally rewarding aspects of my counselling experience was the opportunity to explore and experience symbol and sand tray therapy. I spent some time reading Sandplay and Symbol Work Emotional healing and personal development with children, adolescents and adults by Mark Pearson and Helen Wilson to prepare for my personal experience with symbols and sand tray therapy during my professional supervision sessions. I then had the opportunity to introduce one of my counselling clients to the sand tray. Whilst I did have feelings of uncertainty about my ability to facilitate the process, I did feel comfortable enough with the setting and with my client to create a safe place for self-discovery and self-awareness. She was very open to the process and we both found this to be an enjoyable and meaningful experience. My client reported that this was a very positive experience for her and allowed her to process some of her experiences with domestic violence and that it was a breakthrough for her in terms of learning to accept and value herself. I felt that it was an honour to share this part of my clients journey. With another client who was directed by the Department of Child Safety to attend counselling, setting the direction for each session was more difficult. I did not believe that this woman was ready to explore some of the emotional issues related to the trauma that she had experienced as a result of long term domestic violence. I was encouraged by her regular attendance and I believe that this was a result of my increasing ability to develop rapport. I was able to develop good rapport with my clients by being non-judgemental, using open ended questions and appropriate body language. I believe that my skill in developing rapport is reflected by the feedback and regular attendance to counselling sessions by my clients. I did struggle with ending the sessions on time and frequently found that sessions with some clients were running over 1.5 hours long. I spoke with some of the other workers at the service about this and they agreed that it could be difficult especially when women are exploring very painful issues and that it was important to be sensitive but direct when closing a counselling session. The group supervision times that I was included in at IWCADV were also very rewarding and inspiring times for me. The other workers at the service were all very passionate women with a strong commitment to empowering women and changing community attitudes about violence towards women. During group supervision there was opportunity and support for workers to reflect on their own feelings of despair and helplessness, and there was encouragement to extend and share your knowledge and understanding of the issues relating to domestic and family violence. The group times were also very rewarding team building occasions and there is a strong commitment at the service to supporting one another. For example, I found that after long phone calls or after a counselling session, another worker would check-in with me to provide any support and to answer any questions that I had.

panama canal :: essays research papers

The Panama Canal is one of the greatest works of engineering and modern achievements of mankind. An all-water passage through the continental divide of the Panama region had been suggested since early Spanish colonial times of the 16th century. The reality of a canal through the Isthmus of Panam In the 16th century, Europeans dreamed of building a ship canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Spanish kings considered building a canal to carry treasure from their South American colonies back to Spain, but no attempt was made. Such a project only became possible in the 19th century, wPart of Teddy Roosevelt’s dream of making America a global power was realized through the construction of the Panama Canal. The French began construction in 1880 but nine years and about 20,000 lives later they realized their plans were flawed and abandoned the project. Panama declared independencThe history of the Panama Canal goes back to the 16th century. After realizing the riches of Peru, Ecuador, and Asia, and realizing how long it took the gold to reach the ports of Spain, someone suggested to Charles V, that by cutting out a piece of land somewhere in Panama,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The year is 1835, and an announcement is mad eby a group of American busnessmen. This announcement is of their intention to build a canal system on the ithsmus of landformerly known as Norhtern Calumbia. That land is now known as Panama. The citizens of the U.S. at that time were i  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Panama Canal is a waterway that cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and links the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. It ranks as one of the greatest engineering achievements in the world. Thousands of laborers worked on it for about 10 years, using steam shovels and dredgesIs it really worth building a canal in Nicaragua? With news of Nicaragua adopting the idea of a dry canal the first question that should come to mind is, is it really worth building a canal in Nicaragua? Many people look at Panama with its enviable economy and say that Nicaragua needs a canal but thThe canal is joining the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

The Red Room by H.G Wells and The Signalman by Charles Dickens Essay

The Red Room by H.G Wells and The Signalman by Charles Dickens `'The Red Room' by H.G Wells and 'The Signalman' by Charles Dickens are two short stories set in the later 19th century ('The Red Room' 1896, 'The Signalman' 1860s). 'The Red Room' is a Gothic horror story while 'The Signalman' is a story containing many elements of Gothic horror from the earlier 19th century. They both mention the supernatural although 'The Signalman' is questioning it and 'The Red Room' is a story made to prove that there is no such thing as the supernatural. H. G Wells created fear and suspense in 'The Red Room' in many ways. He raises the suspense level mainly through the personalities of the three old custodians, with language, description and their actions. The man with the withered arm gives aid with increasing the suspense level with his repetitions of the phrase 'It's your own choosing.'. It is a warning repeated three times, an effect used in 'The Signalman as well. The repetitions of a phrase or an action three times is an element used by writers to increase fear and suspense because the number three is believed to be an unlucky number, although at that time when there was superstition and questions of witches and the supernatural, it would have given a much better effect. Wells also raises fear with the old woman always staring at the fire, 'the old woman sat staring hard into the fire, her pale eyes wide open.' And 'her eyes fixed steadily on the fire.' I have come to learn that that is because fire was a symbol of security at that time and in some cases today although now the television is the main symbol of security. On top of that, the description of the second old man is very strong and vivid and makes t... ... the story is different for each. 'The Signalman' is a lot slower than 'The Red Room' that jumps right into the excitement and suspense. Although the technique Dickens used also creates suspense because he makes the reader want to read on from the beginning to know the answers to enquiries created at the beginning of the story. In conclusion, I feel that suspense is mainly created through the dark and scary settings, awkwardness of the characters and the descriptions of the nerve wrecking situations that excite readers a lot. I think that 'The Signalman' is the most suspenseful story because 'The Red Room' is more exciting and thrilling than suspenseful and 'The Signalman' again I mention has so many questions that even people who finish the story still can't answer like how we are not sure whether or not the spectre actually exists or was it a vision.

dying in the eyes of shakespeare :: essays research papers

Dieing in the eyes of Shakespeare In this sonnet â€Å"That time of year thou may’st in me behold† Shakespear uses nature to describe life’s stages, while painting a vivid picture of nature in autumn, we can see his state of mind when using metaphors. The author intertwines nature, time, life, aging, and death in such broadness that the personal reactions and perceptions of the poem are broad as well, as a good metaphor does. When speaking of autumn the author fist refers to it as â€Å"That time of year†. Furthermore, he describes the season as â€Å"When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang† the brightness of the yellow leaves suggest light which equals life. As the speaker goes on, â€Å"In me thou see’st the twilight of such day. As after sunset fadeth in the west†, one can see that â€Å"twilight† and â€Å"fadeth† suggest he is dieing. Moreover, this has a direct reference on the author’s golden years. Shakespeare uses the most decaying weather season of a year and the fading of the day’s sun light to replicate his feeling of aging and getting closer to death. He then refers to night as death by saying; â€Å"Death’s second self that seals up all in rest† rest represents a deep peaceful sleep that he may never awaken from. Furthermore, he proceeds into the conclusion of his theme with the permanent ending of death. â€Å"That on the ashes of his youth doth lie, As the deathbed whereon it must expire.† He compares life to a glowing fire, another one of nature’s elements and once again using the luminosity component of it. Which he believes is the brightest in his youth and now he lies in the ashes of his life, yet still burning. The author mentions how life has consumed all the fire that he has left in him, leading one to believe that he does not have much more to give, therefore, dying. Nature has the stages of the season and also of the day; our daily cycles are much more like our life stages than seasons.

Impact of Technology on Business Essay

Every functioning business in the world today uses some sort of technology in order to help them accomplish their goals. Before the age of technology, it was much harder for businesses to thrive because it was harder for them to advertise to their customers, communicate with their business partners, store information, and much more. Today businesses have all those things, and it has never been easier to start up a business, maintain it, and have your business prosper because technology is there to help. Technological advancements have made positive impacts in the business world in ways such as computers, transportation development, and smart phones. Computers and the Internet have helped businesses thrive more and more through out the years. They have done this in many ways, including making it easier to communicate through Emails, storing information without breaking a sweat, allowing businesses the opportunity to have a online store, and making it easier to start up a business successfully by researching your market needs and identifying your consumers. A research done by the Radicati Group said that â€Å"there are over three billion active Emails in the world today, and there is projected to be over 4 billion e-mails by 2014. † (Radicati, Sara. â€Å"Email Statistics Report. â€Å") This means that more and more people in our world today are becoming tech-savvy, which is good for businesses all across the globe. A countless amount of businesses today use Email as a form of communication between them and their business partners, their own business employees and their customers. Firms Email their customers to keep in touch with them, and remind them that they value their customers. Businesses also Email their customers to inform them of sales, special deals, and new products. Emails also help businesses by helping them communicate to their employees and their business partners. Businesses use Emails to communicate almost all of the time, they use Email for their everyday communication of business goals and even for times of crisis. Another study from the Radicati Group said that there are about 294 billion Emails sent per day, and that a majority of those Emails are sent by businesses. Radicati, Sara. â€Å"Email Statistics Report. â€Å") Email is a very reliable and speedy form of communication that is used by businesses and without it businesses wouldn’t be the same. Another use for computers that has had a significant impact on businesses in today’s world is digital storage. Businesses are able to store information such as their customer’s information, financial data, and future business plans. An article from Marketingzone. com said â€Å"most important part of marketing is collecting and saving customer information. (â€Å"How to Collect and Save Customer Information | MarketingZone. â€Å") A customer’s information includes things such as phone numbers, home addresses, and Emails. The reason this information about the businesses’ customers is so important is because it is essential to keep a customer’s interest in the company. With phone numbers, the firm is able to call or text their customers and advertise or let them know of a special sale. Storing a customer’s home address is a very significant way for businesses to advertise because it helps enable a way to advertise through mail. Advertising through mail is extremely effective because it makes it so the customer can have a physical relationship with the advertisement, the customer has to pick up the mail and look through it, therefore, the firm makes sure that they are seeing the information given in the advertisement. Having a customer’s Email address is important because it helps the business communicate with their customers while allowing them to do more such as sending links with more information or links to the businesses website. The Internet has allowed many businesses to create their own personalized website and online store. These websites are extremely helpful for today’s businesses because it allows their customers to search and browse inventory, compare products on the website, and then choose and order a product online and have it shipped to the customer’s home address. Purchasing desired products has never been easier thanks to the Internet. These websites have made it so convenient for consumers and also have lower prices than the store. An essay titled â€Å"The Internet Has Helped Businesses Reduce Overhead Costs in the Wholesale Industry† stated that online websites and stores have increased the annual revenue of many businesses, and is becoming a necessity for businesses to have. (Genco. â€Å"The Internet Has Helped Businesses Reduce Overhead Costs in the Wholesale Industry. â€Å") The Internet has also helped businesses flourish by enabling them to research their market needs and help them start-up successfully. Before starting up a business it is essential for a business to discover the geographic and demographic of the potential market. Businesses need to research the best location to open up their store and what their typical customer is like in terms of gender, age, and social class. This research is made easier with the help of the Internet, and without having the Internet; businesses would have a much harder start-up process. Computers and the Internet are two technological advancements that have improved the world of business. These two genius inventions have helped businesses in marketing, communication, start up, and just their every day process of running a business and with the help of these inventions, the business world will continue to blossom. Technological advancements in transportation have greatly escalated today’s businesses by getting rid of trade barriers, and with shipping. Transportation has greatly progressed businesses because it helped the business world get rid of the trade barriers that restricted its full potential. With the introduction of cars, planes and boats, businesses have been able reach out to other countries and make business partners and long lasting relationships with other nations. These forms of transportation helped ensure that all isolated countries in the world would begin to come out of their shell, and begin trading and making business agreements with the rest of the world. If it weren’t for transportation and the globalization of industries, the businesses in the US wouldn’t be able to benefit off of what other countries have to offer such as labor, resources, and property. Labor in different countries may benefit a firm because in poverty-stricken countries jobs are scarce and many inhabitants are willing to work for low wages, and since it is in a different country, there are no minimum wage issues and the firm saves money. This is called outsourcing, a process where businesses contract jobs in foreign nations, thus allowing them to pay cheap wages and expand their product globally at the same time. Businesses also expand globally now by seeking out country’s natural or manmade resources such as oil, coal, copper, gold, timber, iron, mercury or precious stones and gems. All of these resources can be beneficial to businesses and that’s what makes all of these resources desirable. A report written by Julliete Jowit said â€Å"The Living Planet report calculates that humans are using 30% more resources than the Earth can replenish each year, which is leading to deforestation, degraded soils, polluted air and water, and dramatic declines in numbers of fish and other species. † (Jowit, Julliete. ) This means that more and more businesses are looking to other countries to help with the need for natural esources. In certain countries, their most desired attribute is land. Land is a very crucial component to a businesses success because each firm needs property to build their manufacturing sight, and in some cases the land is needed in order to make prerequisite commodities for their final product in order to cut out the middle man and save money. Land in other countries also plays a huge role in the multiplying of franchise names, which include fast food restaurants, clothing stores, and many other stores. An example of a fast food chain that has expanded throughout the world is McDonald’s. McDonald’s Fast food restaurant serves over 64 million people every day in over 31,000 restaurants in 119 diverse countries. (â€Å"McDonald’s. † Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. ) Without the evolution of transportation and the reduction of trade barriers and other restrictions on foreign countries, franchises and other companies would not be capable of extending over the world. Shipping is another way that the invention of high-speed transportation has transformed the world of business. Having the capability to send products across the globe in just a few days is extremely helpful to every company and it’s customers. It assists businesses in spreading popularity, and also helps businesses sell more of their products. Distributing products through transportation has increased brand name awareness for many companies by increasing their popularity. With the help of shipping, more and more firms have been able to distribute their products all over the world, to a variety of different customers, which has severely increased their popularity. The progression of shipping has allowed companies to sell more of their products because it helps them distribute their products to customers who aren’t close to a store that sells the merchandise. 34 Percent of all shoppers prefer to buy their commodities on the Internet and through online shopping, and 80 percent of online buyers were motivated to buy through the Internet because of shipping. (Charleton, Graham 34% of Shoppers Prefer to Buy Online: Report) Shipping offers a sense of convenience to some purchasers because it allows them to buy merchandise without going out to help with their busy schedules. Technological advancements in the transportation industry have helped businesses achieve more sales, get better brand recognition, gain more customers, and create more business partners. The invention and development of smart phones has assisted businesses by making it extremely easy to communicate with partners, deal with doubts and complaints of customers, and has also helped with smart phone applications. Smart phones such as iPhones, Blackberries, and Droids are essential equipment to businesses men and women because they help them communicate. These smart phones help business men keep in contact with their coworkers and business partners by allowing them to call, text or email while on the go. Collaborating with coworkers and business associates is made easy because all they need to do to call, text or email their significant other to keep up with their work. The ease of communicating between business associates allows many businessmen to work while they are at home, on vacation, or anywhere for that matter. Smartphones can help business productivity by providing the means for employees and entrepreneurs and owners to stay in touch with their primary contacts even while away from their place of business. This allows enterprises to grow even while on the move, which gives them a very competitive advantage in today’s world. † (How Smartphone Help Business Productivity | Planet Antares Scam Tips. ) Smart phones also help through means of communication because they allow companies to video chat. Video chat has dramatically increased the efficiency of businesses by allowing them to have a business meeting, even while they are 10,000 miles apart. Video chat is used between all types of business associates and gives all companies a sense of convenience. An article from Huddle. com said â€Å"A company could have an office in China, one in the UK, and one in the US, and they can all collaborate on projects as if they were in the same office together. † (Eddington, Joe. â€Å"How Can Web Conferencing Help Your Business? | Huddle’s Blog. â€Å") Video chat also helps businesses save money by allowing them to communicate and have business meetings without having to travel to a different country or state. Communicating through smart phones has also enables customers to call, email or even video chat with companies when they have a complaint or problem with a product. When a customer has a predicament, it is a simple as either a phone call or email to the company to help them go through trouble-shooting steps to solve their problem. â€Å"Business Support Systems (BSS), and Operation Support Systems (OSS) are two types of support offered by today’s businesses that are essential to help create and maintain customer relationships. (BSS: Business Support System | NetworkDictionary. ) Another way that businesses show support to their customers is by offering live video chat support. Many businesses have live chat links on their company’s website, which allow customers to have a one on one conversation to solve their problem. All of these benefits are given to consumers thanks to the advancements of smart phones. Contrary to the benefits of communication from smart phones, the ability to use applications on iPhones, Blackberries and Droids have also had a significant outcome on today’s firms. Applications on these smart phones assist consumers by allowing the companies to service their customers through the app, or by letting customers purchase merchandise through the application. IPhone, blackberry, and Droid apps all help businesses service to their customers by allowing them to conveniently use the service given from the company on their smart phone. An example is the banking company â€Å"Chase†, who allows their customers to deposit check and transfer money to different peoples accounts through their smart phone apps. (Bruene, Jim. â€Å"Chase Bank’s Jot App Shows the Future of Mobile Transaction Processing (NetBanker). ) By allowing these services through their applications, businesses like Chase Banking help create a positive relationship with their customers. An essay titled â€Å"The Effectiveness Of Branded Mobile Phone Apps† said â€Å"Smart phone apps focus attention on the user, and therefore encourages making personal connections with the brand. † (Duane, Varan, et al. â€Å"The Effectiveness Of Branded Mobile Phone Apps. â€Å") These applications don’t just allow their customers to enjoy services offered by companies, but they also empower their customer to purchase goods with the help of apps. An article written by Christina Warren said, â€Å"Over the last few years, in-app purchases have become an increasingly common way for mobile app developers to enhance their mobile products and services. † (Warren, Christina. â€Å"4 Ways In-App Purchasing Will Change Mobile. â€Å") Many big name clothing brands, equipment-selling companies, and even restaurants allow smart phone users to purchase their product through smart phone apps. An example is Dominoes, whose app lets users order and pay for pizza all with the help of their apps. Dominoes made over 1. million dollars off their iPhone application last year. (Kats, Rimma. â€Å"Domino’s Pizza IPhone App Generates More than $1. 3M in Sales. â€Å") Smart phone applications have changed businesses all over the world by allowing them to sell their products and services through the benefits of their applications. Smart phones have helped businesses become more effective by allowing them to communicate between business associates and customers and with the help of applications. Technological advancements have helped businesses develop and progress through out the years of the technology era. These developments include computers and the Internet, the improvements in transportation, and the inventions of smart phones. These inventions and creations have helped businesses sell more of their products and services, helped create brand awareness for companies, and assisted in creating and maintaining positive relationships with their customers. A world without technology would make a huge difference in business because without technology, these companies wouldn’t have Emails, computer storage, online stores, globalization of their company, shipping, rapid communication or smart phone applications.

History of Filmmaking Essay

The main problem with assigning national identity to films is the enticement to pick movies to fit the premise. Hardly ever does a director present any significant standards by which particular films have been chosen for analysis. To give a specific example, one merely has to consider the Japanese instance of Kurosawa Akira whose movies regularly received positive commendation both overseas and in domestic ratings, yet several of Akira’s films remain difficult to get to to the mainstream Japanese viewers. Another problem for assigning national identity to films is the relative lack of engagement with modern social and political concerns or conditions. It’s pretty evident with Australian films (Nadia Tass, Malcolm and The Big Steal). Australian movies do not create a point of plainly and continually pondering over national identity. They take the method of conveying tales in a local context and allowing inquiries of national identity work out themselves in the backdrop through the working of their diverse and unlikely narratives. The issue of â€Å"what does it mean to be Australian? is responded upon by illustrating various Australians, in unusual situations, with several problems. In my humble opinion, studies with this stature helps shine a ray of light on how and why the nation pass on a meaningful masterpiece in their local perspective, the focal point should be on reputation within the related/state/area as the major norm for selection.. Whether they have established vital praise at ‘key film festivals’ is another material connected to ‘art house’ films, which is frequently not a fine statistic of admired appeal and consequently not a superior indicator of community communication.

Which Has Posed the Greatest Problem for Singaporean in Ensuring Social Harmony †Racial Differences, Religious Differences or the Threat of Transnational Terrorism? Explain You Answer.

In a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society like Singapore, there is a need to manage the racial and religious sensitivities and promote tolerance and harmony. In addition, there is also the need to build national identity by instilling a sense of belonging. Therefore, there is a need to identify the most important problem out of the three and then solve it. The first problem is managing the perceptions of different racial groups. There is a need to manage this problem as preconceived notions of biased treatment by the government against any racial group could lead to the outbreak of violence among the different communities.For example, in 1964, Singapore experienced race riots which resulted in 36 dead and 590 injured. Singapore was in Malaysia then, and the UMNO felt threatened when the PAP participated in the 1964 Federal elections. The UMNO then led an anti-PAP campaign in the medium using the Utusan Melayu, claiming that PAP’s rule disadvantaged the Malays and that Mala y Singaporeans remained poor under PAP’s rule. They also claimed that PAP was uprooting Malay families in resettlement projects. Some UMNO extremists even came to Singapore and made fiery speeches that angered many Singaporean Malays.In July 1964, during the celebration of Prophet Muhammad’s birthday, a clash between a Chinese policeman and a group of Malay participants turned into a full-blown race riot over the next few days. This shows how the perceptions of unequal treatment towards the different races can cause suspicions, distrust and even hostility among Singaporeans, even if these perceptions are not based on facts. Therefore, this problem must be managed to prevent any outbreak of violence among citizens. The second problem is managing the perceptions of different religious groups.There is a need to do this as differences in religious beliefs and practices are issues that can create tension among people in Singapore, especially if it has been perceived that th e concerns of a certain religious community have not been considered. This is shown in the Maria Hertogh riot during 1950. Maria Hertogh, born to Dutch-Eurasian parents was adopted during the war by an Indonesian Muslim woman, Aminah, as her parents were interned by the Japanese. After the war, the Hertoghs launched a legal battle for the custody of their daughter. The custody battle attracted intense media attention worldwide.The judge ordered that Maria be placed temporarily in a Catholic convent while the trail was taking place. Photographs in newspaper of Maria, who was raised a Muslim, in a Catholic convent before a statue of Virgin Mary affected religious sensitivities and angered the Muslim Community as they felt that their religion was not respected at all. The British courts gave custody of Maria to her biological mother. Upon hearing the judgement, huge crowds outside the court rioted, convinced that the colonial laws, the courts and the legal system was prejudiced against the Muslims.The riots showed that if issues with religious implications are not handled in a sensitive manner, hostility and distrust could occur among people. The last problem is managing the threats from external forces. This also needs to be managed because transnational terrorist groups tend to exploit religious or race issues in order to achieve their political aims, suspicion and tension may arise among people in multi-ethnic societies like Singapore. For an example, the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) is a militant group which has been active in the Southeast Asia. Its aim is to set up an Islamic state in Asia.Some of its activities include fund-raising and purchasing materials for making bombs. From 2001-2002, 34 JI members were arrested under the Internal Security Act for their involvement in terrorist-related activities. Targets in Singapore included the US embassy and some government buildings. Following the arrests, there was some mixed reactions from Singaporeans who were prepar ed to do harm in the various ethnic communities. Shocked that there were Singaporeans who were prepared to do harm to innocent civilians, some members of the public expressed distrust towards members of certain communities.This shows that managing external threats poses a significant challenge, as it has potential to divide people along racial and religious lines. All in all, I feel that the problem that has posed the greatest threat for Singapore in ensuring social harmony is the threat of transnational terrorism. As it can cause distrust between both religions and races while the other two can only either cause distrust among religions or races. In addition, if they manage to overcome the threat from external forces, citizens will be able to trust each other and violence and distrust will not breakout.

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Provide a rational for a promotional campaign. MM Explain the rationale for the campaign you have just created such as why you chose that specific promotional mix, timing, cost, media mix etc and why it is expected to achieve its goals. For this task you are required to explain and Justify why you have created your campaign (for Task UP) as you have. I suggest you do this one factor at a time*. Your response should be written in sentences and paragraphs. Factor Justify its use Promotional Mix Why have you chosen the specific type of promotion that you have?What are Its advantages over other types of promotion? Do you foresee any problems of using this type of promotion? How can these be overcome? Timing Why have chosen the specific times for your campaign/promotion? Why is this time most appropriate? What other times did you consider? Why were these discounted? Media Mix Why have you chosen the specific forms of media will be used within your campaign? Why Is this? What forms of medi a were considered but discounted? Why were they discounted? Budget Justify the cost of your campaign – why does it cost what it does? Could these costs be reduced?The advert is trying Your next paragraph with demonstration analysis. This will be the flirt half of your analysis that will focus on the success of the campaign (Analysis +). You will need to research how the campaign might have helped the business achieve its aims. Image, profits, sales etc? For each ‘success' you may wish to use PEE (Point, Evidence, Explain). The campaign has helped this business In many ways. 1 OFF their aims by†¦. Another way that it has helped the business is This has helped them achieve their aims by†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The third paragraph will also be analysis.However here you will focus on any repacks of the campaign (Analysis -). Again, we will need to research this using the internet any negatives that might be associated with the advert. Image, profits, sales etc? For each à ¢â‚¬Ëœdrawback you may wish to use PEE (Point, Evidence, Explain). Unfortunately the campaign also caused some drawbacks. The first drawback caused was†¦ PEE.. This may have prevented them from achieving their aims by†¦.. The second drawback caused was†¦ PEE†¦. This may have prevented them from achieving their aims by†¦.. Your final paragraph will be a support Judgment – your evaluation.From your all of our research and the analysis you have completed was the campaign a success or failure overall? How much of a success or failure? Why? Use the word ‘because' to back up and Justify any Judgments you make. Overall I have found that the campaign was a success/failure. The first reason for this Furthermore†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Because, because, because†¦.!! Make sure you apply your answer directly to your business and the campaign you have chosen. Use words like moreover, firstly, secondly, furthermore, to compare, I have found, in contrast, to conclude, to summaries, as my research shows†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ If you are uncertain, please see Mr. Quarto.